Mapangidwe a malo ocheperako amatha kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito konkriti kapena chitsulo, ndi masinthidwe monga mafelemu a portal ndi zowoneka ngati π. Chosankhacho chimadaliranso ngati zipangizozo zimakonzedwa mumtundu umodzi kapena zingapo.

1. Zosintha

Ma Transformers ndiye zida zazikulu m'malo ocheperako ndipo amatha kugawidwa m'magawo opindika kawiri, ma transfoma oyenda katatu, ndi ma autotransformers (omwe amagawana mafunde amagetsi apamwamba komanso otsika, ndi mpopi wotengedwa kuchokera pamagetsi okwera kwambiri kuti akhale otsika. kutulutsa kwamagetsi). Miyezo yamagetsi imayenderana ndi kuchuluka kwa matembenuzidwe a ma windings, pamene panopa ndi yosiyana.

Ma Transformers amatha kugawidwa potengera ntchito yawo kukhala masinthidwe okwera (omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza ma substations) ndi otsika pansi (omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polandila masiteshoni). Mphamvu yamagetsi ya transformer iyenera kufanana ndi mphamvu yamagetsi. Kuti asunge ma voltages ovomerezeka pansi pa katundu wosiyanasiyana, ma transfoma angafunikire kusinthana ndi ma tap.

Kutengera njira yosinthira ma tap, ma transfoma amatha kugawidwa m'magulu osintha ma tap-owonjezera komanso osintha ma tap-ochotsa. Ma transfoma osinthira pama tap-onyamula amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polandila ma substations.

2. Zosintha Zazida

Ma voltage ndi ma transfoma apano amagwiranso ntchito mofanana ndi ma transfoma, kutembenuza ma voltages apamwamba ndi mafunde akuluakulu kuchokera ku zida ndi mabasi kupita ku ma voltage otsika ndi omwe ali pano oyenera zida zoyezera, chitetezo cha relay, ndi zida zowongolera. Pansi pazigawo zogwirira ntchito, mphamvu yachiwiri ya thiransifoma yamagetsi ndi 100V, pomwe yachiwiri ya thiransifoma yamakono nthawi zambiri imakhala 5A kapena 1A. Ndikofunikira kupewa kutsegula gawo lachiwiri la thiransifoma yamakono, chifukwa izi zitha kupangitsa kuti magetsi azikwera kwambiri zomwe zimayika chiwopsezo ku zida ndi ogwira ntchito.

3. Kusintha Zida

Izi zikuphatikizapo zowononga madera, zodzipatula, zosinthira katundu, ndi ma fuse othamanga kwambiri, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsegula ndi kutseka mabwalo. Ma circuit breakers amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikiza ndi kulumikiza mabwalo panthawi yomwe akugwira ntchito bwino ndikudzipatula okha zida ndi mizere yomwe ili ndi vuto loyang'aniridwa ndi zida zotetezera. Ku China, ma air circuit breakers ndi sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) zophwanya ma circuit zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ochepera 220kV.

Ntchito yayikulu ya zodzipatula (zosinthira mpeni) ndikupatula magetsi pazida kapena kukonza mizere kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo. Sangathe kusokoneza katundu kapena mafunde olakwika ndipo ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi owononga dera. Panthawi yamagetsi, chowombera chigawo chiyenera kutsegulidwa pamaso pa odzipatula, ndipo panthawi yobwezeretsa mphamvu, chopatulacho chiyenera kutsekedwa pamaso pa wodutsa dera. Kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa zida ndi kuvulaza munthu.

Zosintha zonyamula katundu zimatha kusokoneza mafunde pakugwira ntchito bwino koma osatha kusokoneza mafunde olakwika. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi ma fuse amphamvu kwambiri a ma transfoma kapena mizere yotuluka yomwe ili pa 10kV ndi kupitilira apo omwe sagwira ntchito pafupipafupi.

Pofuna kuchepetsa kupondaponda kwa malo ocheperako, SF6-insulated switchgear (GIS) imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Tekinoloje iyi imaphatikiza zowononga madera, zodzipatula, mabasi, zosinthira pansi, zosinthira zida, ndi kuyimitsa zingwe kukhala gawo lophatikizika, losindikizidwa lodzaza ndi mpweya wa SF6 ngati sing'anga yotsekera. GIS imapereka maubwino monga mawonekedwe ophatikizika, opepuka, osatetezedwa ku chilengedwe, nthawi yayitali yokonza, komanso kuchepetsa chiwopsezo cha kugwedezeka kwamagetsi ndi kusokoneza phokoso. Yakhazikitsidwa m'malo ochepera mpaka 765kV. Komabe, ndizokwera mtengo ndipo zimafuna miyezo yapamwamba yopangira ndi kukonza.

4. Zida Zoteteza Mphezi

Ma substations alinso ndi zida zoteteza mphezi, makamaka ndodo zamphezi ndi zomangira ma surge. Zingwe za mphezi zimalepheretsa kugunda kwachindunji powongolera mphamvu ya mphezi pansi. Mphenzi ikawomba mizere yapafupi, imatha kupangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu yamagetsi mopitilira muyeso. Kuonjezera apo, ntchito za ma circuit breakers zingayambitsenso overvoltage. Surge arresters basi kutulutsa pansi pamene overvoltage kuposa ena, potero kuteteza zida. Atatha kutulutsa, amazimitsa mwachangu arc kuti awonetsetse kuti magwiridwe antchito abwinobwino, monga zinc oxide surge arresters.